What are the major types of memory according to cognitive psychology?

The identification of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory as the major types of memory is rooted in foundational concepts in cognitive psychology that categorize memory based on duration and nature of information retention.

Sensory memory acts as the initial stage of memory processing, holding sensory information for a very brief period, allowing individuals to perceive the environment. This type of memory is essential for filtering and processing incoming stimuli before they are further encoded.

Short-term memory, also known as working memory in some contexts, retains a limited amount of information temporarily, typically for a duration ranging from a few seconds to a minute without rehearsal. It enables immediate cognitive tasks such as problem-solving and reasoning.

Long-term memory refers to the storage of information over extended periods, potentially for a lifetime. It encompasses both explicit memories, which are consciously recalled, and implicit memories, which are more automatic and unconscious.

Collectively, these three types illustrate a hierarchy within memory systems, highlighting how information is processed, stored, and retrieved. Understanding these categories is fundamental to grasping how the human brain manages information and learning.