What does the term "encoding" refer to in memory processes?

The term "encoding" in memory processes specifically refers to the transformation of sensory input into a format that can be stored in memory. This process is essential because it involves converting experiences and information from the environment into a form that the brain can understand and process. Encoding ensures that the information gets transformed from its original state—such as sights, sounds, and feelings—into a neural code that allows it to be stored in the brain for future retrieval.

This transformation can involve various methods, such as semantic encoding (which focuses on the meaning of the information), acoustic encoding (based on how it sounds), or visual encoding (which relies on images or visual formats). Effective encoding enhances the likelihood that the information will be stored and later retrieved, showcasing its fundamental role in the overall memory process.

While storage and retrieval are also critical components of memory, they occur sequentially after encoding transforms the sensory input. Forgetting typically illustrates the limitations of memory and does not pertain directly to the encoding process itself. Therefore, the definition encompasses the fundamental initial stage of how information is prepared for future storage and recall.